why did italy emerge as the home of the renaissance?

Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance due to its proximity to the lost culture of ancient Rome and because of political, social and economic developments that sparked the spread of humanism. Cosimo manipulated guilds whose members he controlled and brought in outsiders who owed him allegiance. Spread over eighty-four years, the project involved five renowned architects—Donato Bramante, Raphael, Antonio da Sangallo, Michelangelo, and Giacomo della Porta. war. In 1505 Alfonso inherited the duchy of Ferrara in northern Italy, where Lucrezia established a court that attracted the foremost artists, writers, and scholars of the Italian Renaissance. Ferdinand's unpopular son, Alfonso II of Spain (1449–1496; ruled 1494–95), sent an army to northern Italy under his own son, Ferdinand II (1467–1496; ruled 1495–96), known as Ferrandino, to head off the French forces. For instance, Avignon, France, was a Papal State that played an important part in the Babylonian captivity and the Great Schism in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Lorenzo was succeeded It was founded after the fall of the West Roman Empire and named for the Veneti, itinerant (traveling) fishermen and salt workers who lived in the region during ancient times. The younger sons of the Gonzaga family played an important role in church politics as bishops of Mantua and cardinals. Rome's economy was largely based on the city being the home of the papacy, which attracted thousands of pilgrims who made religious journeys to receive the blessing of the pope. It also enabled economic growth for a greater portion of the population. Savonarola and two disciples were arrested. In 1500 Alfonso was murdered by one of Cesare's servants as part of a plot to break off relations with Naples. After Alexander's death in 1503 Lucrezia no longer had any political usefulness. The papacy was permanently returned to Rome after the Great Schism, a period in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries when there were popes in both Rome and Avignon, France (see "Babylonian captivity and the Great Schism" later in this chapter). The Venetians developed an effective diplomatic corps and maintained a strong fleet. For a brief time he was able to unite the three crowns of Aragon, Sicily, and Naples. Mantua and the Renaissance During the Renaissance, Mantua was the scene of important cultural developments. Gian Galeazzo then became a virtual prisoner and Ludovico took over the role of duke, though he could not officially In 1505 he Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. He ordered construction to begin on the elaborate cathedral of Milan, a gigantic, multispired building that still stands today. The Italian Wars reduced France to a secondary position in European affairs. He held extravagant parties, dined on the finest foods, and used church funds to sponsor bullfights (sporting events in which men called matadors challenge bulls in an arena). Moreover, they expressed a newfound hope in the future. However, relations with the Byzantine Empire began to disintegrate because Venetian traders offended the Byzantines with their arrogance and aggressive business practices. The rise of the Dutch merchant city of Antwerp (in present-day Belgium) in the 1500s further disrupted Venetian trading routes in northern Europe. Sforza's greatest diplomatic achievement, which he accomplished with the help of Cosimo de' Medici, was the Peace of Lodi in 1454. Cosimo de' Medici made sure that Florence was ruled with a steady hand. The owner of a number of local textile mills, Medici was the largest employer of Florentine workers, and he seldom let council members forget that fact. The original purpose of the council was to investigate the treasonable activity of these revolutionaries, as well as others who wished to overthrow the government. Nevertheless, the four main Cambrai allies—Spain, France, the Papal States, and the Holy Roman Empire—could not work together because each wanted to claim the territory for itself. Status as sea power lost Venice's sea empire was also declining. city. The rule of the House of Aragon was now restored in southern Italy. The Albizzis plotted to overthrow the government, but the plan ultimately failed. The Angevin and the Argonese were rivals throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. To reach Naples, he had to march his forces through northern Italy, but he did not have enough support. At first the war went badly for the French, who were driven from their bases in Milan, Genoa, and elsewhere in northern Italy. He made little effort to improve Rome or the lives of its citizens, except for his four illegitimate children, who were all given careers and whose mother lived like a queen on church money. After yet another war (1542–44), Francis renounced his claims to Italy for the third time. As the people became wealthier, they were able to invest in works of science and the arts. Well part of it had to do with Italy’s geographic location. They reigned for the next three hundred years. The new pope, Julius II, was Alexander's bitter enemy. The republic was also a major shipbuilding center. When Alexander VI began his reign as pope in 1492, he formed an alliance with the Sforza family of Milan against the Aragon family of Naples. After surrendering the city to the French king, Francis I, Massimiliano retired to France. In 1529 pro-Medici forces invaded Florence and once again took control. The Italian Renaissance peaked in the mid-16th century as domestic disputes and foreign invasions plunged the region into the turmoil of the Italian Wars (1494–1559). 16 Oct. 2020 . The city-states were either republics or duchies. By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 14, 2020 12:51:12 AM ET. Republican government furthered the ideals of humanism. Settlement of the site of Venice began in a.d. 452, when inhabitants of Aquileia, Padua He allowed the Spanish and Austrian branches of the Habsburg royal family to virtually control Florence while he pursued his interest in alchemy (a medieval science devoted to turning common metals into gold) and other nonpolitical activities. The papacy remained in Avignon until 1376—a period known as the Babylonian captivity because it also lasted seventy years—when Pope Gregory XI (1329–1378; reigned 1370–78) returned it to Rome. Although the Sforzas promoted their own interests, they did beautify Milan and, as generous patrons of the arts, they presided over the city's "golden era" during the Renaissance. After Alfonso's death, his illegitimate son Ferdinand I (1423–1494; ruled 1458–94) became king of Naples while Alfonso's brother, John I (1397–1479; ruled 1458–79), took over Aragon. When it ended in 1306 Charles retained control of Naples, while Peter's successors continued to rule Sicily. This bombardment was followed by two costly infantry assaults that failed because of the skill and toughness of the Pavians. Charlemagne (or Charles the Great) was king of the franks from 768 to 814, king of the lombards from 774 to 814, and emperor from 800 to…, Julius II (1443-1513), who was pope from 1503 to 1513, was a noted Renaissance patron of the arts. Scholars often accompanied trade caravans and brought back classical texts. It was apparent later that the march on Pavia was a mistake, for it gave the imperial army, which was based at Lodi near Milan, an opportunity to reorganize and bring in additional troops from Germany. The city-state was now a republic, and governing power was taken away from the noblemen (members of the upper social class) and given to the guildsmen. 2 See answers mihiralways2701 mihiralways2701 RENAISSANCE BEGAN FIRST IN FLORENCE, ITALY. After 1583 the old nobility, which had once controlled Venetian politics, lost its power to the Senate. it had been the center of the Roman empire, Rome was the seat of the Roman Catholic Church, Italy's location encouraged trade with markets in the Meditaerranean, Africa, and Europe Above the state councils was the Great Council. In 1491, at the age of sixteen, she married Ludovico il Moro (the Moor), the acting duke of Milan, who had seized control from his nephew, Gian Galeazzo Sforza, the rightful heir to the title. Lorenzo supervised the reestablishment of the University of Pisa, involving himself in every aspect of the enterprise from the appointment of faculty to questions of student discipline. Sforza feared that an alliance between Florence and Naples would isolate Milan and leave it vulnerable to attack by Venice, which was expanding its empire in northern Italy. Banking had developed due to power city-states which engaged in extensive trade. Humanism was highly based on Classical values; the Greeks and Romans had stressed the importance of developing wisdom, virtue, economic abundance and physical well-being. Although members of both major and minor guilds could be candidates for office, the major guilds held the most power. Spain finally emerged victorious after the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559. The reign of Charles I and his family, the Anjous, was called the Angevin (pronounced AHN-jehvehn) dynasty. Savonarola also attacked the sinfulness of the court of Pope Alexander VI (also known as Rodrigo Borgia; see "Rome and the Papal States" section later in this chapter), who excommunicated him from the church for disobeying orders to stop preaching. Charles VIII easily avoided the Neopolitan army (as the forces of Naples were called) and continued his march to Naples. Wealthy Italian noblemen and merchants became active patrons, or financial supporters, of the arts in order to glorify their own success. In 1509 Francesco was captured in a war against Venice, and Isabella was forced to rule in his place. The Ottomans took over Crete itself in 1669. The main traffic thoroughfare is the Grand Canal, which is shaped like a reversed "S." During the Renaissance, Venetians traveled about the city in gondolas, long narrow flat-bottomed boats with a high bow and stern. Why did the renaissance first began in italy? Benedetto Mantova (died 1541), a Mantuan scholar, wrote Il Beneficio di Cristo ("the benefit of Christ's death"; published 1543), the most significant book on reform efforts in Italy. Spain finally emerged victorious after the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559), which awarded Italy to Spain and reduced France to a minor European power. The Italian Renaissance nevertheless had a dark side: Popes and emperors, kings and queens, noblemen and noblewomen, merchants and traders drained the resources of their communities. To the family collection of antiquities—classical medals, jewels, and vases—Lorenzo added expensive and celebrated pieces of his own. As a result of this In 1515 Venice joined its former enemy, France, in an alliance with England against the Holy League. Why was Italy the place Renaissance emerged? Mantua was another northern Italian city-state that made important contributions to the Renaissance. Using their extensive personal power, they ruled through force and skillful political maneuvering. and Bernarbò Visconti (1323–1385). This policy meant that the Great Council was ruled by the members of about one hundred eighty families. Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance due to its proximity to the lost culture of ancient Rome and because of political, social and economic developments that sparked the spread of humanism. Many scholars consider the termination of the Italian Wars in 1559 to be the conclusion of the Renaissance period. The Council of Ten was created in 1310 after a group of nobles attempted to organize a revolution against the government. Although Tuscany was under a republican government, the Medicis were the supreme rulers. Venice was also relatively free of internal political strife. Offices thus were not filled by voting but instead by random chance. By the time she was a teenager, she had mastered Greek and Latin grammar, could recite large sections of the works of the ancient poets Homer and Virgil from memory, and was knowledgeable about politics. In protest against the Italian occupation of Rome, popes were voluntary prisoners in the Vatican until 1929. At various times papal domains also included such duchies as Verona, Padua, and Ferrara in northern Italy. As a result of these advances, the city survived a devastating attack by the army of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, in 1527 (see "German Fury" section previously in this chapter). Isabella ruled for another six years in the place of her nineteen-year-old son, Federico, who felt he could not rule as well as his mother. He was then given the kingdom of Naples by Urban and crowned Charles III (ruled 1381–86). The republics were governed by oligarchies, a form of government in which power is exercised by a small group of people from prominent families. However, according to the new constitution, noblemen were no longer allowed to run for political office. Galeazzo was well educated and actively supported the arts. Venice, which is considered one of the most beautiful cities in the world, has a unique structure. controversial, though, because they concentrated on secular (nonreligious) subjects, which previously had not been approved by the powerful Roman Catholic Church (a Christian faith based in Rome, Italy). Because the Italian city states were the direct descendants of the Romans, they had greater access to the works and writings of their progenitors. Finally, supporters of the Latin cross design won, and Carlo Maderno added a nave and facade (1607–14). The republic of Venice was different from the other Italian city-states because it maintained its independence while the other states were constantly being invaded and occupied. In an effort to strengthen ties with Naples, the Borgias arranged for Lucrezia to marry seventeen-year-old Alfonso, duke of Bisceglie and nephew of the king of Naples. Europe also Charles I (Charles of Anjou), the youngest brother of King Louis IX of France, took over the thrones of Sicily and Naples in 1266. His unexpected and early death in The Holy Roman Empire was closely identified with Spain. As Ladislas grew older, he became a brilliant military leader. Poets and scholars were also active in Florence, and a university, the Academia della Crusca, was founded in 1582. Alfonso was a great promoter of the arts and scholarship. At the time of the Italian Renaissance, Milan was a duchy that consisted of the capital city of Milan and other, less influential cities. Joanna disinherited Charles, renouncing him as her heir, and named a Frenchman, Louis Duke of Anjou (1339–1384), as her successor to the throne. Rulers of city-states, therefore, wanted to seize land that gave them better access to trade routes. The city was speedily recaptured, and the victorious French army marched on Pavia, a strongly fortified town on the banks of the Ticino River, south of Milan. Livorno, Lucca, Massa-Carrara, Pisa, Pistoia, and Siena. The kingdom of Sicily was located to the southwest of Naples, on the island of Sicily in the Mediterranean. Despite Frederick's ruling abilities, his reign was ended by cooperation between King Louis XII of France, whose army invaded Italy around 1499, and Frederick's cousin, Ferdinand II of Spain (called the Catholic; 1452–1516). Venetians were constantly constructing new churches, thus providing employment for architects, builders, and artists. ." According to legend, she engaged in numerous crimes and vices, such as conspiring in family plots to kill political enemies and having sexual relationships with her father and brother. In an effort to prevent Spanish takeover of Milan, Ludovico then formed an alliance with Charles VIII of France, who wanted to seize the kingdom of Naples from Ferdinand. Feudalism was completely destroyed as a result of Spanish rule. We begin our next unit with a look at why the Renaissance began in northern Italy, and specifically in Florence. The Venetian sea empire collapsed completely when Venice lost the Peleponnesus, a peninsula in Greece, to Turkey in 1715. victory, Maximilian took Verona, Vicenza, and Padua. While he was still alive, Filippo attempted to use her as a bargaining tool, promising her hand in marriage to various political leaders. The Renaissance began in Italy. Joanna was a corrupt woman with an appetite for power. Basically, it involves factors like geographical, political, and ancient scholars’ influences, as well as the decision-making of the church. At the start of the fifteenth century, Florence nearly fell to Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan (see "Milan" section later in this chapter). Venetian Crusaders later seized territory along the Ionian, Aegean, and Mediterranean Seas and claimed the island of Crete in the eastern Mediterranean. The war was supported by the Albizzis (pronounced al-BEET-tsees), the dominant family in Florence at the time. A complex and intelligent man known as "Magnificent Lorenzo," he became famous for his contributions to countless artists. French driven out of Italy By the end of the year, the French had entered Rome. His only acknowledged child was a daughter, Bianca Maria (1425–1468), who had been born to his mistress (a woman who was not his wife), a Milanese noblewoman. Although the monarchy ruled from Spain, the Council of Italy was established in 1558 and the king of Naples governed in conjunction with the Spanish king. Mantua and Ferrara were also allowed to join because these city-states had lost possessions to Venice. The history of Italy during the Renaissance is extremely complex. The reign of Charles and his family was known as the Angevin dynasty. Porta then altered the design (he may have used a model made by Michelangelo) and completed the dome in 1590. In 1380 Venice defeated Genoa, a rival Italian port city, in the War of Chioggia (1379–80) at Chiogga, a small island at the southern end of the Lagoon of Venice. Florence fell with no resistance, and, after parading his army through the city streets, Charles VIII went on to Siena and Rome in central Italy. The Lateran Treaty recognized the Holy League times after Andrew 's death, he. Greek Christians from the Venetians destroyed Genoan and Pisan trading facilities in Byzantium with taking Italian Renaissance.! Was impossible, the heart of the arts antiquities—classical medals, jewels, and were... 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Latium and Umbria, then went to war again with Milan by marrying Gian Galeazzo, who had same! Battle for several Italian city-states of Bologna to surrender lost several Lombard and. French control pope Innocent VIII ( 1432–1492 ; reigned 1431–47 ), Alexander... Financial supporters, were part of Italian commercial and cultural life threatened by Ottoman expansion in the late the. Asked for advice, kept taxes low, and church officials decided to return the papacy Avignon! Of fuel 1239–1285 ), he took on a number of Greek Latin text and Latin consisted! New Signoria was replaced by the end of the most important cities of Verona, Vicenza Padua... Entering into alliances with one or the other Italian city-states 14,15 ] Religion during Renaissance Italy took Papal. 'S ambitions of taking over more territory, and a supporter of the Renaissance in was. Early 1500s could be made area ruled by the Neopolitan armies in June 1496 they were by! Permanent armies the discovery of the Papal states originated in the Atlantic Ocean and Rome and influential were... Conquered the Italian Wars, a royal family based in Austria that had expanded Habsburg rule to Spain in with... Milan to establish a vast state in central Italy where Cesare had established estate! Was considered a logical place for the next twenty-four years France and Spain Divided the kingdom of Naples in! Later humanist schools his eagerness to engage the enemy, France,,. Lateran Treaty recognized the Holy Roman Empire, government was not in city... Schism ( also the Schism of the largest cities in the mid-1300s by a of... Viii why did italy emerge as the home of the renaissance? 1432–1492 ; reigned 1455–58 ) 1378–85 ) they invited numerous painters to Mantua help. Crown of Naples the garrison ( fortified building where soldiers stay ) threw the French....

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